Searching for the Person in the Brain

Searching for the Person in = the Brain=20

At this rate, it seems that neuroscientists will soon pinpoint the = regions in=20 the brain where mediocre poetry is generated, where high school grudges = are=20 lodged, where sarcasm blooms like a red rose.

In the last month alone, researchers working with brain imaging = machines have=20 captured the neural trace of schadenfreude and the emotional flare of = partisan=20 thinking and whatever happens between the ears of a happily married = woman when=20 her husband takes her hand.

As the magnetic resonance imaging machines produce pictures with = higher=20 resolution =97 and that is happening fast =97 hundreds of such studies = are being=20 published in scientific journals each month.

Meanwhile, a parallel stream of popularizing books, magazines and = newspapers,=20 including this one, are publicizing an ever-enlarging array of the now = familiar=20 red, gray and blue graphics of imaged brains, and some of them are = making=20 extravagant claims for their significance.

Already, lawyers have used M.R.I. brain images to help reduce = criminal=20 sentences, arguing that their clients' actions can partly be explained = by the=20 way their brains function, or malfunction. Some researchers say their = imaging=20 methods can help detect lies.

And last week CBS picked up a one-hour pilot for a show that revolves = around=20 brain surgeons in Los Angeles and could feature as many close-ups of = gray matter=20 as of actors.

"The whole reason they were attracted to the idea was the brain = itself," said=20 Peter Ocko, the scriptwriter. "The mysteries of the brain are really the = star of=20 the show."

In a word, the brain has become a pop star.

But is its glossy, computer-enhanced image a superficial one? What = does it=20 really tell us about how we function, what motivates us, who we are? An = image=20 with this much charisma surely presents opportunities to re-imagine = ourselves in=20 a better light; but what are the hazards inherent in fawning over what = are,=20 after all, computer graphics?

Neuroscientists themselves debate these questions constantly, and = even agree,=20 if uneasily, on some of the answers. First, it is beyond doubt that = brain images=20 reveal real biological activity that is associated with genuine human=20 sensations.

"This is what accounts for the sheer delight, the true amazement = people have=20 when they see these images: they show that there is a measurable = physical=20 response in the brain to things like being in love," said Dr. Lucy = Brown, a=20 neuroscientist at the Albert=20 Einstein School of Medicine in the Bronx. "Everyone thought = phenomena like=20 love and jealousy were simply impossible to study, that they were too = variable,=20 too individual. They preferred to think of them as magic."

Imaging and other techniques have now parted the curtain. The = lozenge-shaped=20 amygdala is central to the experience of fear. The delicate-looking=20 horseshoe-shaped area called the hippocampus is crucial to the forging = of=20 memories. The visual areas are in the back of the brain.

There is even evidence that people have "grandmother neurons" =97 = single cells=20 that recognize a unique face. In once recent paper, Dr. Itzhak Fried, a=20 neurosurgeon at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Dr. = Christof=20 Koch, a neuroscientist at the California Institute of Technology, = reported that=20 a single cell in the hippocampus of a patient being prepared for epilepsy=20 surgery fired vigorously and consistently in response to a picture of = the=20 actress Jennifer Aniston, but far less so when the patient looked at = other=20 photographs.

Understanding that the shiver of celebrity recognition, or the = whole-body=20 ache of longing, leaves a physical trace in the brain seems to give = people more=20 sympathy for others' emotions and reactions, say neuroscientists who = have=20 presented findings in front of professional and lay audiences.

"Suppose you know someone who's having trouble, who's suffering from = bipolar=20 disorder or depression,= =20 and nothing has helped, no therapy, nothing," said Dr. Brian Wandell, a=20 psychologist at Stanford University who studies the visual cortex. "It's = nice to=20 know from this new science that there may be some other way to alter the = system"=20 than treating it like a character flaw.

The catch is that, for all their power, imaging machines are like the = Mars=20 probe: they see surfaces, mountain peaks, valleys =97 without being able = to take=20 samples of the underlying terrain.

The regions that peak in activity when a person is happy or guilty or = jealous=20 are connected to many other areas along complex circuits distributed = throughout=20 the brain that are, for the most part, still unlit by the computerized = spotlight=20 of the imaging machine.

And it is here, in these subterranean, subtle enfoldings of the = brain, that=20 neuroscientists say they are most likely to discover its deepest = secrets.

"Any new method in neuroscience is powerful in terms of evolution of = the=20 field only insofar as it tells us that something we thought we knew is = wrong,"=20 said Dr. J. Anthony Movshon, director of New York University's Center = for Neural=20 Science. So far, he said, brain imaging has not done that.

The technology, he said, though now central to brain science, "is in = one=20 sense disappointing, in that so far it has told us nothing more than = what a=20 neurologist of the 19th century could have told you about brain = functions and=20 where they're localized."

And that may be where the hazard lies. The brain's increasingly = popular image=20 is a fascinating prop, a colorful as well as useful map, but so far it = provides=20 only the illusion of depth.

The subtle biology that integrates and coordinates disparate areas of = the=20 brain, like the visual, the verbal and the emotional =97 the = interlocking=20 symphonies of activity that make us individuals, that help determine = what we do=20 when jealous or inspired by a work of art =97 are absent, despite all = the=20 color-coding and exotic names for areas of the brain.

"The risk is that seeing the neural activity allows people to take = away or=20 excuse responsibility for a behavior =97 to take away the individual = person," said=20 Dr. Brown of the Einstein School of Medicine.

But she could not elaborate. A camera crew from CNN was due to = arrive, to=20 talk to her about the brain in love.

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