Faculty of 1000 = Biology | Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human = brain.

From: Subject: Faculty of 1000 Biology | Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Date: Fri, 8 Jul 2005 17:54:14 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0039_01C583E6.0D8C9180" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0039_01C583E6.0D8C9180 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.facultyof1000.com/article/15973409 Faculty of 1000 = Biology | Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human = brain.

Welcome=20 Rodrigo QuianQuiroga

Last = visit :=20 8-Jul-2005

Must Read=20

F1000 Factor = 6.8

Invariant = visual=20 representation by single neurons in the human=20 brain.
Quiroga RQ,=20 Reddy L, Kreiman G, Koch C, Fried I
Nature = 2005 Jun=20 23 435(7045):1102-1107 [abstract on PubMed] [related ar= ticles]=20 [order article] =

Selected by=20 | John Kalaska

/ Kevan A. Martin /=20 Mayank Mehta / Aina Puce
First evaluation = 24 Jun 2005 |=20 Latest evaluation = 1 Jul 2005
Relevant Sections =

Faculty Comments

Faculty=20 Member	Comments
John = Kalaska Universit=E9 de=20 Montr=E9al, = Canada NEUROSCIENCE = Hypothesis New = Finding =20 Controversial	In a fascinating report, = Quiroga et=20 al. present some of the most striking evidence = to date=20 for an explicit and invariant sparse-coding = mechanism=20 for the mnemonic coding of the identity of = people and=20 objects, as opposed to a more broadly = distributed=20 mechanism. They describe neurons in = memory-related=20 structures of the human brain (including the=20 hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala and = entorhinal cortex) that responded highly = selectively and=20 invariantly to different visual images of a = specific=20 famous person (e.g. a television or sports = star), or a=20 famous object (e.g. Tower of Pisa), or sometimes = even to=20 viewing the printed name of those people or = objects.=20 These provocative results are sure to evoke = considerable=20 interest and debate, and raise many new = questions to=20 investigate. For instance, although it was not = stated=20 explicitly, we can presume that the subjects = recognized=20 every image that evoked selective neuronal = responses.=20 However, can we also predict that the opposite = should=20 never occur, that is, a single cell should never = respond=20 selectively to images whose identity was not=20 recognizable by the subject? The authors note = another=20 intriguing aspect of their results. If mnemonic = coding=20 is so sparse, to paraphrase Humphrey Bogart's = famous=20 rhetorical question in "Casablanca", of all the = possible=20 visual images of all the people and all the = objects in=20 the world, how were they able so often (15% of = recorded=20 units) to find a person or object that activated = one of=20 the few cells they were recording at any given = time from=20 amongst a limited set of test images? The = authors=20 speculate that this may indicate that single = cells can=20 contribute to the sparse coding of multiple = distinct=20 objects or people, which in turn suggests that = these=20 high-level abstract representations may be based = on a=20 distributed discrete classification process = rather than=20 on a continuous representation of the metrics of = the=20 images. Another striking feature of the results = was that=20 the large majority of the neuronal responses = were=20 statistically selective but quite weak, implying = that=20 surprisingly few spikes from only a few neurons = may be=20 enough to recall the unique identity of one = person or=20 object from all the other people and objects in = the=20 world. However, could it be that the modest = responses=20 reflected the fact that the cells were = responding to=20 images of people and places that were largely = irrelevant=20 to the everyday life of the subjects? It is = unlikely=20 that any of the subjects knew Jennifer Aniston, = Mother=20 Theresa or Kobe Bryant personally, or had = attended a=20 concert at the Sydney Opera House. It would be = very=20 interesting to repeat this experiment using = images that=20 are drawn from the everyday experience of the = subjects,=20 such as their own friends rather than TV = "Friends",=20 their own car, their own home, and of course = their own=20 grandmother (how could one ever resist?). If the = mnemonic coding of these highly relevant people = and=20 objects proves to be equally as sparse as = appears to be=20 the case for famous celebrities and landmark=20 architecture, that would be a particularly = compelling=20 confirmation for the authors' findings. = Evaluated=20 1 Jul 2005 cite=20 this evaluation
Kevan A.=20 Martin Institute of Neuroinformatics = ETH/UNIZ,=20 Switzerland NEUROSCIENCE = Confirmation New=20 Finding	This paper extends the = authors'=20 earlier work in showing that single neurons in = the=20 medial temporal lobe (MTL) of awake humans have = a=20 remarkable degree of selectivity in their = response to=20 pictures of individuals, landmark buildings, = animals,=20 and objects. The responses of single or = multiple=20 neurons were recorded from chronic electrodes = implanted=20 in the MTL in order to localize the focus of = epileptic=20 seizures. Since the famous patient HM, who had = amnesia=20 following bilateral removal of his MTL, the = importance=20 of the MTL for declarative memory has been well=20 established. This new study shows the precision = of the=20 neural representations in the MTL. Although most = neurons=20 responded to more than one image, some neurons = responded=20 only to images of famous people (such as = ex-president=20 Bill Clinton, the Beatles or the soap actress = Jennifer=20 Aniston) or famous buildings, such as the Sydney = Opera=20 House. The data are interpreted as evidence = against a=20 highly distributed population code and for a = sparse,=20 explicit, invariant representation involving = relatively=20 few neurons. Evaluated=20 29 Jun 2005 cite=20 this evaluation
Mayank = Mehta Brown = University,=20 United States of = America NEUROSCIENCE New=20 Finding	The paper shows that = neurons in the=20 hippocampus and related areas in humans respond = to=20 abstract visual information in a selective = fashion.=20 Using microwires, Quiroga et al. recorded the = activity=20 of neurons from several parts of the medial = temporal=20 lobe, including the hippocampus, of epileptic = patients.=20 The hippocampus is usually associated with = learning,=20 memory and spatial representation. The authors = show that=20 neurons in the human hippocampus respond = robustly to a=20 select subset of images of famous places as well = as=20 faces in a sensory-cortical fashion. Further, = these=20 neurons seemed to encode information in a highly = invariant or abstract fashion in that they = responded=20 robustly to the same face when presented in a = variety of=20 ways, including caricature and semantic = representation.=20 Such selective, yet invariant, representation of = abstract information in the human hippocampus = raises=20 interesting questions about the nature of neural = information processing in the hippocampus.=20 Evaluated=20 24 Jun 2005 cite=20 this evaluation
Aina = Puce West = Virginia=20 University, United States of=20 America NEUROSCIENCE = Hypothesis New = Finding =20 Controversial	This fascinating study = investigated=20 abstract representation in the brains of 8 = patients=20 being investigated for potential seizure = surgery. The=20 investigators found that individual neurons in = the=20 medial temporal lobe responded selectively to = the=20 identity of famous individuals, for example = Halle Berry=20 or Jennifer Anniston, and also to other = categories of=20 object, including famous buildings, in a series = of=20 recording sessions where the responsivity of = neurons to=20 multiple visual categories were = investigated. These=20 intriguing results challenge current ideas and = models of=20 object and face recognition that posit that the = output=20 of multiple neurons typically would code the = identity of=20 an individual person or specific object. = Evaluated=20 24 Jun 2005 cite=20 this=20 = evaluation

Faculty Comments

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How to cite the Faculty of = 1000=20 evaluation(s) for this paper

1) To cite = all the=20 evaluations for this article:

Faculty of 1000: evaluations for = Quiroga RQ=20 et al Nature 2005 Jun 23 435 (7045) :1102-1107=20 = http://www.f1000biology.com/article/15973409/evaluation

2) To cite = an=20 evaluation by a specific Faculty member:

John Kalaska: Faculty of 1000,=20 1 Jul 2005=20 = http://www.f1000biology.com/article/15973409/evaluation

Kevan=20 A. Martin: Faculty of 1000, 29 Jun 2005=20 = http://www.f1000biology.com/article/15973409/evaluation

Mayank=20 Mehta: Faculty of 1000, 24 Jun 2005=20 = http://www.f1000biology.com/article/15973409/evaluation

Aina=20 Puce: Faculty of 1000, 24 Jun 2005=20 = http://www.f1000biology.com/article/15973409/evaluation

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